Effectiveness of Parent Empowerment Program on Parental Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life in Children with: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Keywords:
Parent Empowerment, Self-Efficacy, Quality Of LifeAbstract
Background: Parents of children with long-term health conditions often experience substantial caregiving demands that may affect their confidence and their children’s quality of life. Parent empowerment is considered an important family-centred strategy to strengthen caregiving capacity and improve child well-being.
Research Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a Parent Empowerment Program in improving parental self-efficacy and quality of life among children with long-term health conditions in Baubau City, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Methods: A quantitative quasi-experimental study with a pretest–posttest control group design was conducted among 40 parents selected using purposive sampling. Participants were divided equally into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received a structured Parent Empowerment Program, while the control group received routine care. Data were analysed using paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests with a significance level of p<0.05.
Results: Parental self-efficacy in the intervention group increased from 58.40±7.12 to 76.85±6.34 (p<0.001), while children’s quality-of-life scores increased from 61.75±8.21 to 78.30±7.46 (p<0.001). Improvements in both outcomes were significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group.
Conclusion: The Parent Empowerment Program was effective in improving parental self-efficacy and children’s quality of life. Integrating structured parental empowerment into paediatric and community health services is recommended to strengthen family-centred care.
Downloads
References
Beckwith, S., Li, M., Barker, K. M., Gayles, J., Kågesten, A. E., Lundgren, R., Villalobos Dintrans, P., Wilopo, S. A., & Moreau, C. (2023). The Impacts of Two Gender-Transformative Interventions on Early Adolescent Gender Norms Perceptions: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(1, Supplement), S55–S64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.033
Boyd, H., You, D. S., Nguyen, A., Connoy, L., Ahuja, D., Chambers, C., Cowan, P., Cox, R., Crombez, G., Feinstein, A. B., Fuqua, A., Gilam, G., Mackey, S. C., McCracken, L. M., Martire, L. M., Sluka, K., O’Sullivan, P., Turner, J. A., Veasley, C., … Darnall, B. D. (2025). Clinician and researcher responses to the term pain catastrophizing and whether new terminology is needed: Content analysis of international, cross-sectional, qualitative survey data. The Journal of Pain, 29, 105330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105330
Cabras, C., Konyukhova, T., Lukianova, N., Mondo, M., & Sechi, C. (2023). Gender and country differences in academic motivation, coping strategies, and academic burnout in a sample of Italian and Russian first-year university students. Heliyon, 9(6), e16617. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16617
Cerchione, R., Morelli, M., Passaro, R., & Quinto, I. (2025). Balancing sustainability and circular justice: The challenge of the energy transition. Journal of Cleaner Production, 494, 144942. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.144942
Chaves Pérez, P., & Benschop, Y. (2025). From change agents to communities of change: organising for intersectional gender equality in universities and research organisations. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 44(9), 279–300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-11-2024-0527
Crouse, J. J., LaMonica, H. M., Song, Y. J. C., Boulton, K. A., Rohleder, C., DeMayo, M. M., Wilson, C. E., Loblay, V., Hindmarsh, G., Stratigos, T., Krausz, M., Foo, N., Teo, M., Hunter, A., Guastella, A. J., Banati, R. B., Troy, J., & Hickie, I. B. (2023). Designing an App for Parents and Caregivers to Promote Cognitive and Socioemotional Development and Well-being Among Children Aged 0 to 5 Years in Diverse Cultural Settings: Scientific Framework. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting, 6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/38921
Gale, C., Ablezova, M., Jacobsen, C. B., David, N. ’Dr. K., Khasanah, A. N., Milligan, I., Moesby-Jensen, C. K., Galvez, P. M. N., Olumbe, R., Willi, R., & Yeretzian, J. S. (2025). Drivers of child-parents separation informed by children and young people: findings from an eight country comparative study. Child Protection and Practice, 7, 100260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100260
Garbett, K. M., Haywood, S., Craddock, N., Gentili, C., Nasution, K., Saraswati, L. A., Medise, B. E., White, P., Diedrichs, P. C., & Williamson, H. (2023). Evaluating the Efficacy of a Social Media–Based Intervention (Warna-Warni Waktu) to Improve Body Image Among Young Indonesian Women: Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/42499
Haakenstad, A., Angelino, O., Irvine, C. M. S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bienhoff, K., Bintz, C., Causey, K., Dirac, M. A., Fullman, N., Gakidou, E., Glucksman, T., Hay, S. I., Henry, N. J., Martopullo, I., Mokdad, A. H., Mumford, J. E., Lim, S. S., Murray, C. J. L., & Lozano, R. (2022). Measuring contraceptive method mix, prevalence, and demand satisfied by age and marital status in 204 countries and territories, 1970–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 400(10348), 295–327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00936-9
Hasselwander, M., Martin, E., Mukamana, L., Kolarova, V., Mwaura, N., & Schwanen, T. (2025). Women’s intention to work in men-dominated professions: The case of motorcycle taxi drivers in Kigali, Rwanda. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 59, 101266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2024.101266
Herrero, R., Carvajal, L. J., Camargo, M. C., Riquelme, A., Porras, C., Ortiz, A. P., Camargo, L. A., Fink, V., van De Wyngard, V., Lazcano-Ponce, E., Canelo-Aybar, C., Balbin-Ramon, G., Feliu, A., & Espina, C. (2023). Latin American and the Caribbean Code Against Cancer 1st edition: Infections and cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, 86, 102435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2023.102435
Ispriantari, A., Lee, H., Kim, S., Lee, H., Lee, A., & Park, C. (2025). Determinants of Health-Promoting Behaviors Among Indonesian Adolescents Living in Child Welfare Institutions: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2196/75024
Malik, A., Kumar, S., Basu, S., & Bebenroth, R. (2023). Managing disruptive technologies for innovative healthcare solutions: The role of high-involvement work systems and technologically-mediated relational coordination. Journal of Business Research, 161, 113828. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113828
Nursanti, I., Murti, B., & Mulyani, S. (2025). Modeling of maternal behavior to improve the development of children under five based on social cognitive theory (SCT) and the information-motivation-behavioral skills model (IMB). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101283
Pinandari, A. W., Kågesten, A. E., Li, M., Moreau, C., van Reeuwijk, M., & Wilopo, S. A. (2023). Short-Term Effects of a School-Based Comprehensive Sexuality Education Intervention Among Very Young Adolescents in Three Urban Indonesian Settings: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(1, Supplement), S21–S32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.01.030
Renger, D., & Renger, S. (2025). A tripartite perspective on self-evaluation: Three forms of self-regard and their social basis. New Ideas in Psychology, 79, 101181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101181
Respati, T., Feriandi, Y., Frederico, R., Nugroho, E., Pardosi, J. F., & Withall, A. (2024). Efficacy of a Mental Health Game-Board Intervention for Adolescents in Remote Areas: Reducing Stigma and Encouraging Peer Engagement. The Open Public Health Journal, 17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2174/0118749445310785240603045859
Schobinger, E., Vanetti, M., Ramelet, A.-S., & Horsch, A. (2024). First-time parents’ perception of midwives’ and other healthcare professionals’ support behaviours: A qualitative study. Midwifery, 135, 104028. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2024.104028
Setianti, Y., Dida, S., Damayanti, T., & Priyatna, C. C. (2025). Public perception of health information, treatment beliefs, and disease in Indonesia: Effective health promotion strategies. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101639. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101639
Shamla, V. M., & Jayan, C. (2025). The mediating role of self-regulated learning strategies in the intelligence and academic achievement Nexus. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101569. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101569
So, J. T. H., Byrne, R., Nambiar, S., Gallegos, D., & Baxter, K. A. (2024). “You just have to spread it thin”: Perceptions and feeding experiences of Australian fathers of young children living with disadvantage. Appetite, 194, 107197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107197
Srimulyani, V. A., Hermanto, Y. B., Rustiyaningsih, S., & Setiyo Waloyo, L. A. (2023). Internal factors of entrepreneurial and business performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in East Java, Indonesia. Heliyon, 9(11), e21637. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21637
Tao, M., Lin, B., Poletti, S., & Pan, A. (2024). Can financial literacy Ease energy poverty? Some Lessons at the household level in China. Utilities Policy, 91, 101835. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2024.101835
Trafford, Z. (2025). The constructive power of informality? Relationships, emotion, and empathy in the administration of social assistance for childhood disability in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 380, 118211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118211
Velásquez-Espinoza, G., & Alcántara-Ayala, I. (2025). Youth and flood risk in rural Nicaragua: insights for risk communication and DRR policy in the Global South. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 127, 105658. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105658
Welesilassie, M. W., & Nikolov, M. (2024). The relationship among EFL learners’ motivational self-system, willingness to communicate, and self-assessed proficiency at an Ethiopian preparatory high school. Heliyon, 10(2), e24171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24171
Wibowo, A., Narmaditya, B. S., Suparno, Sebayang, K. D. A., Mukhtar, S., & Shafiai, M. H. M. (2023). How does digital entrepreneurship education promote entrepreneurial intention? The role of social media and entrepreneurial intuition. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), 100681. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100681
Zheng, Q., Chen, Z., & Huang, Y. (2025). Learning through AI-clones: Enhancing self-perception and presentation performance. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 3, 100117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100117
Zhuo, Y., Luo, X., & Yi, T. (2024). The effectiveness of a disaster preparedness educational intervention for wheelchair users: A pilot study. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 112, 104812. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104812
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
